Design Elements And Principles Of Art - 1173 Words

This simple but intricate piece of art can be found on the walls of the second floor in the CFA. Although the fan is fairly small and often times over looked, when examined, its fine detail gives it character. This paper will address all aspects of design elements and principles. In addition provide information about the artist and how their background influenced the art, and choice of design. Line, Dimension, and Quality The first thing that can be noticed about this piece of art work is the accordion (the span of a fan when completely unfolded). Most hand held fans are known to have the opening with of at the most 180 degrees, with some form of fabric or string holding each leaf (the individual slices of a fan) together. However what made this fan different from other generic fans is that it was folded. This implies that the artist spent time folding the paper back and forth with delicacy and focus. The folds also tell me about dimension. Even though the fan was stretched out it was clear that the fan folded where the creases were. I could tell that the hinges (where two leaves meet) are not very far apart, which means if the fan was to be closed, it would be very thick. Ironically the image painted on the fan, and the fan as a whole has some characteristic that would fall into one of the four categories of shape. The most prominent would be natural and no-objective. The artist clearly communicates the scenery of nature. The scenery illustrated on the fan is a greatShow MoreRelatedThe Seven Principles Of Art1012 Words   |  5 Pagesand understanding of the seven principles of art. â€Å"The principal of art are the guidelines or the organizing factors in the visual arts that help artists to create designs and control how viewers likely react to art images and objects.† The topics that are included in this chapter are unity and variety; proportion; balance; emphasis; pattern and repetition; rhythm and movement. All of these topics demonstrates how they tie in with one another to create a piece of art. To elaborate more on the topicsRead MorePrinciples Of Art : Claude Monet1183 Words   |  5 Pageshistory of art. He tirelessly painted the same series of works, only with minor changes related to the amount of light and the type of weather. In terms of themes, Monet would paint outdoor scenes while bearing in mind the effects of atmosphere, time of day, and season upon color and light. For many of his works, a person will find that Monet experiments with the color spectrum, demonstrating how the shades of the same color affect the human eye. 2. How is this artist employing the Principles of OrganizationRead MoreA Portrait Of Rostam Khan Zand1182 Words   |  5 PagesPersian period. This oil painting represents Sadiq’s art style, and it also affects to royal Qajar portraiture. (http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2013/arts-of-the-islamic-world-l13223/lot.99.html). This piece of painting original location is Royal Persian Painting, the Qajar Epoch from 1795 to 1925, then it was exhibited at Brooklyn Museum of Art on October 23, 1998 to January 24, 1999, and now it is located in the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston in 2015. The piece is oil painting on canvasRead MoreAnalysis of the Painting Great Detonators by Acamonchi830 Words   |  3 PagesContemporary art is the art created in the present time. Today, artists affected by the social context and personal experiences reproduce pieces of art that question or make a point about controversial issues in our society. A great example is the painting created in 2006 called Great Detonators (â€Å"Grandes Detonadores†) by the Mexican artist Acamonchi. The painting is located in the exhibition The Very large Array: San Diego/ Tijuana Artist in the Peter C. Farrell Gallery inside the Museum of ContemporaryRead MoreEssay on Analysis of The Great Wave off Kanagawa by Hokusai1732 Words   |  7 Pagesdecided to extend the series to 46 pieces. The original piece was created around 1830 and was published in 1832 by Nishimuraya Yohachi. Within this paper, I will be discussing the analysis of this print while connecting my findings to the elements and principles of design. The lines within this print are dynamic and static. Dynamic lines are lines that flow smoothly, they are appealing to the viewer’s eyes and our eyes automatically follow these lines. The dynamic lines within this print are the curvedRead MoreInterior designers Vision1015 Words   |  5 Pagesgive your views on this sentence: ‘As designers we learn from everything we look at provided that our vision is clear and perceptive.’ Is this vision confined to interior design only, or may it be applied to anything? S. Hayward - February 2012 ï ¿ ¼ A clear and perceptive vision is not in my belief confined to interior design, it can be found in many fields. An experienced and well trained practitioner will need a clear and perceptive vision to manage many situations that require a creative applicationRead MoreMaster Was An Italian Artist858 Words   |  4 Pagesilluminated rule of Saint Benedict in Oxford at the Bodleian Library. He is known as an artist that create figured that are both elegant and emotionally impressive. These kinds of art was made during the Gothic period that marks a transition from medieval to Renaissance. It was the time when churches had religious disputes. Gothic art in Italy transitioned in to the Renaissance. The Gothic period was strongly influenced by the Dominican and Franciscan monks. The Renaissance brought contemporary reality ofRead MoreThe Artist Zaha Mohammad Hadid1065 Words   |  5 Pagesmediums that she used for building are such as Glass, Aluminum, Stainless Steel, GRG (glass reinforced gypsum), and Terrazzo (â€Å"Galaxy Soho,† 2012). Zaha Hadid’s style is organic, contemporary and innovative. She founded an international architecture and design called Zaha Hadid Architects. Their studio is located in 10 Bowling Green Lane, London, United Kingdom. Mainly, designing and architecting unique and spectacular buildings are the major work that she and her employees are working on the daily basicRead MoreArt, Art And Art915 Words   |  4 PagesArt, one of the most important ways for individuals to express their thoughts and feelings about things. Painting is one of the many artistic forms used to communicate the aforementioned. Paintings are often displayed at museums or art galleries in order to allow people to admire them and analyze their meaning. A painting that is displayed at the Albright-Knox art gallery in Buffalo, New York is La Vie Paysanne. French-Russian artist, Marc Chagall, painted La Vie Paysanne in the year 1925. InRead MoreThe Art Of Islamic Art1548 Words   |  7 Pages Islamic art is based upon the themes of unity, logic and order. It is grounded on philosophies of geometry, symbolism and a reflection of the doctrine between the physical and spiritual world. Bourgoin (1868) saw Islamic art as a similarity between geometrical schemes and crystal systems of certain minerals. He believed that Islamic art did not comprise of any ‘natural’ object, but rather it is an arrangement of ‘pure abstract forms’. Furthermore, Bourgoin understood the aesthetic of Islamic

Adolf Hitler And The Nazi Party - 889 Words

In 1933, Adolf Hitler was legally named chancellor of Germany by President Paul von Hindenburg. In the following years, Hitler would take power as Fà ¼hrer and the Nazi party would create laws that pretty much allowed them to kill eleven million people. While the anti-semitic laws and the laws against â€Å"undesirables† were horrible, they were still laws. The truth of the matter was that Hitler belonged to the Nazi party and it was a legitimate political party with a substantial following; and their laws were enacted legally. In this essay, I will explain how both Hart’s and Fuller’s theories play into why I believe that the Nazis had laws. It begins with Hart’s idea of a sovereign body enacting legitimate laws and the complexity of the people following -- despite the immorality of the laws -- and ends with the laws becoming nullified as they lose respect. I will also address the idea that the Nazi’s power didn’t have legitimate laws becau se they went against laws that came before them. Hart, often credited as being the â€Å"father of modern legal positivism†, built his ideas off the legal positivists who came before him: Jeremy Bentham and John Austin. Hart took their ideas and softened their -- especially Austin’s -- harder, more cynical view that laws were purely followed because of a the threat coming from a reigning power. Hart argued that laws were more complex than that. He believed that the incentives, negative or positive, put forth by the ruling power was only part of theShow MoreRelatedAdolf Hitler And The Nazi Party1988 Words   |  8 PagesAdolf Hitler officially took political action to advance with his plans of world domination with his creation of the Enabling Act. He took all the governmental powers away from the Reichstag and distributed them to himself and his cabinet. By creating the Enabling Act, he had given himself the ability to create doctrines, control the budget and approve treaties. Hitler removed the legal power that the German government possessed and gave it to himself which have him the upper hand in the situationRead MoreAdolf Hitler And The Nazi Party2566 Words   |  11 PagesAs the Nazi Party took power in the early 1930’s, the whole world was entering a depression. By the early 1930’s, fascist policy seeped into German government and brought Germany out of a deep recession. In the early 1930’s, Keynesian thought was emerging and Germany was amidst recovery from reparations for World War I and required a strong government to get them out of it. The Nazi party believed that in order to get themselves out of recession, they needed to first bring the unemployment rateRead MoreAdolf Hitler And The Nazi Party2747 Words   |  11 PagesAdolf Hitler and his Nazi Party saw their acquisition of power in 1933 as more than simply a change of government. To the Nazis it represented the start of a transformation of German society in accordance with their ideology of National Socialism. This focused on all Germans, regardless of class or income, working for the national good as part of the Volksgemeinschaft, the People’s Community. In the period from 1933 to 1939, the Nazis ultimately achieved consensus in creating the VolksgemeinschaftRead MoreAdolf Hitler And The Nazi Party1333 Words   |  6 PagesHitler as Chancellor In January 1933, Adolf Hitler capitalized on his appointment to Chancellor as a new government began forming around him. Conservative politicians responsible for placing him in power had envisioned a way to harness Hitler and the Nazi party (also known as the National Socialist German Workers’ Party) to establish an authoritarian government by replacing the republic. Hitler, recognizing the circumstances, masterfully established his own totalitarian regime and maintained completeRead MoreAdolf Hitler : The Leader Of The Nazi Party905 Words   |  4 PagesAdolf Hitler was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, He was the Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Fà ¼hrer of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of the Germany, he started World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939, and was the leader to the Holocaust. Born: Apr 20, 1889 Died: Apr 30, 1945 Height: 5 9 (1.75 m) Spouse: Eva Braun (1945-1945) Children: Jean-Marie Loret (Son) Founded: Nazi Party, Schutzstaffel, Hitler Youth, GestapoRead MoreAdolf Hitler, The Leader Of The Nazi Party1153 Words   |  5 PagesAdolf Hitler, the leader of the Nazi Party, had his army kill 6-11 million people. These victims varied from gypsies, homosexuals, handicapped, Jews, and more. As stated by Adolf on his autobiography Mein Kampf, he believed that he was doing God’s work by exterminating the Jews. â€Å"...By defending myself against the Jew, I am fighting for the work of the Lord.† (Mein Kampf). His early life, education, and military training all have a crucial role in his rise to power during WWII. Hitler was born onRead MoreAdolf Hitler and The Nazi Party Essay594 Words   |  3 Pagesin history. It was in 1933 that Adolf Hitler was given power; as he was a part of the Nazi grouping in the Reichstag, the largest of the groups in the government by 1932. This meant the Nazis had both the majority and the power. In an attempt to regain power and trust, President Hindenburg and the former temporary chancellor, Papen, decided to confront the Nazi party and allow Hitler to become vice chancellor if the group would become allies with the two. Hitler was dissatisfied and requested toRead MoreAdolf Hitler And His Nazi Party2070 Words   |  9 Pages Adolf Hitler and his Nazi party are key in the story of the modern Jewish plight within central Europe. Despite a vast number of the laws passed within Nazi Germany and then Nazi occupied Europe being applicable to the Jewry of Germany, and Europe it is clear that it was not exclusively for the Jews and the effect of this was not worse for one or another. However, this essay endeavours to discuss the main characteristics of the Nazi poli cies on the Jewish population and it is easy to see that theRead MoreThe Impact Of Adolf Hitler And The National Socialist Nazi Party1284 Words   |  6 PagesThe Nazi Party, also known as the National Socialist German Worker’s Party, was led by Adolf Hitler from 1933 to 1945. Hitler became a member of the party the year that it was founded in 1919 and became the leader in 1921. In January of 1933, Hitler was the legal official and the Nazi Party became government. Together they took on total power of Germany. Because Hitler had so much power, he made the people of his country believe that the reason they had lost World War 1 was because of the Jews. HeRead MoreEssay about Adolf Hitler: Leader of the Nazi Party578 Words   |  3 PagesAdolph Hitler, the leader of the Nazi party, rose to power in the mid 1920s. He was a gifted speaker and very much anti-semitic. When he started his political career, he was really a nobody. Through a series of fortunate coincidences he caugh t the eye of the powers that be in the party. He was a powerful speaker and was able to recuit a lot of new members to the party. He was such an asset that he was able to force himself higher and higher up in the organization or he threatned to leave the party

Climate Change and National Security free essay sample

That same month, the UN Security Council—at the initiative of the UK government—held its first-ever debate on the potential impact of climate change on peace and security. In October 2007, the Nobel committee recognized this emerging threat to peace and security by awarding former vice president Al Gore and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change its peace prize. In November 2007, wo think tanks, the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and the Center for a New American Security (CNAS), released another report on the issue, concluding from a range of possible scenarios of climate change that, â€Å"We already know enough to appreciate that the cascading consequences of unchecked climate change are to include a range of security problems that will have dire global consequences. †2 The new interest in climate change and national security has been a valuable warning about the potential security consequences of global warming, but the proposed solutions that accompanied recent efforts have emphasized broader climate policy rather than specific responses to security threats. We will write a custom essay sample on Climate Change and National Security or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Because the links between climate change and national security are worthy of concern in their own right, and because some significant climate change is inevitable, strategies that go beyond long-run efforts to rein in greenhouse gas emissions are required. This report sharpens the connections between climate change and national security and recommends specific policies to address the security consequences of climate change for the United States. In all areas of climate change policy, adaptation and mitigation (reducing greenhouse gas emissions) should be viewed as complements rather than competing alternatives—and the national security dimension is no exception. Some policies will be targeted at adaptation, most notably risk-reduction and preparedness policies at home and abroad. These could spare the United States the need to mobilize its military later to rescue people and to prevent regional disorder—and would ensure a more effective response if such mobilization was nonetheless necessary. Others will focus on mitigation, 2 CSIS/CNAS, The Age of Consequences: The Foreign Policy and National Security Implications of Global Climate Change, November 2007; available at http://www. cnas. org/climatechange. 2 which is almost universally accepted as an essential part of the response to climate change. Mitigation efforts will need to be international and involve deep changes in the world’s major economies, such as those of China and India. As a result, the processes of working together to craft and implement them provide opportunities to advance American security interests.

Environmental Design and Industrial Design Integrating Knowledge around Urgent Issues Essay Example For Students

Environmental Design and Industrial Design: Integrating Knowledge around Urgent Issues Essay The connection between environmental design and industrial design is, by now, generally accepted.1 Yet, when one considers the merits of the relationship, it becomes clear that there are certain aspects which require refinement and elaboration. This is particu- larly evident if one considers how disciplinary practices are currently defined within the separate fields. Actually, it is environ mental design which requires further reflection as well as develop ment of its contents, tasks, and methodological tools, and important work in this direction is being undertaken. The position of indus trial design is, instead, better defined, in that it builds from the following cornerstones: We will write a custom essay on Environmental Design and Industrial Design: Integrating Knowledge around Urgent Issues specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now †¢ A definition of the discipline formulated in 1961 by Tomis Maldonado; adopted that same year by ICSID, the international Council of Societies of Industrial Design, and still valid in its principal tenets; †¢ The presence at an international level of a specific univer sity education; and †¢ The existence of a profession—that practiced by industrial designers—which has an operational structure, fields of intervention, and well-defined operational methods. Currently, we are witnessing changes in the field of concern of industrial design, in that diverse peripheral topics are gaining more importance, particularly those connected to environmental design. Yet the recognition of these changes does not mean to assert, as some do, that almost everything now falls within the field of industrial design, because such changes mean an irreversible disso lution of those aspects peculiar to the discipline. It would be more productive to transfer to industrial design, with due care, the model of scientific research programs elaborated by Imre Lakatos? The Hungarian-born philosopher of science has proposed a model that bases scientific research programs on two fundamental concepts: those of a hard core and of a protective belt. The hard core consists of those stable elements which are essential to and characterize a program of research. The protective belt of a research program is, instead, more flexible and changeable in that its individual elements are subjected to experimental verifi cation and must clarify their relationship to the hard core. Remaining within this terminology, I would like to stress that, in examining the relationships between environmental design and industrial design, 1 will limit myself to considering only the hard core of industrial design. That is, I will concentrate on indus trial design understood as the design of material products which are the result of industrial production and which are characterized by a plurality of features (formal, functional, performance-oriented, techno-economical, techno-productive, etc.). Turning to environmental design, I believe it is necessary at this point to recall some of the essential characteristics of its sub jectthe concept of environment and to mention some of their operational consequences. 1 The environment is a system. It is, therefore, characterized by the presence of diverse elements—physical, chemical, biological, socio cultural, techno-economic, etc. These elements are tied so closely together that they are very difficult to separate. This system is composed of both objective and measurable elements, such as the concentrations of various pollutants found in the atmosphere, as well as subjective and unmeasurable elements such as values, lifestyle choices, and individual and collective needs. Furthermore, an environment defined in this way can be structured upon the basis of four subsystems—the biosphere, the geosphere, the socios phere, and the technosphere. Such a subdivision is, without doubt, conventional but its use has value in that it renders transparent the historical evolutionary process leading to the systemic notion of environment by making explicit the principal disciplines which have contributed to that process. Even more important is that s uch a subdivision stresses the basic character of environment, which is the indissoluble tie of anthropic (techno- and sociosphere) and nonanthropic (bio- and geosphere) elements. It then becomes super fluous, as well as improper, to qualify the term environment with such adjectives as natural or artificial, or to make a distinction between that which is noxious for human beings and that which is noxious for the environment. In fact, human needs, individual and social human behavior, the diverse forms of social organization, and technological production are constituent parts of the environment rather than independent and external variables. In some ways, the systemic notion of environment is in direct contrast to the notion of nature, notwithstanding the fact that they are considered synony mous, particularly in daily usage. This identification of one for the other is as much arbitrary as misleading. The concept of nature has, since ancient times, always been connected to the idea o f a mono lithic and immutable generative principle, which being outside and above human action has therefore determined it. Such a notion of   nature has little cognitive value in that it refers to an uncontami nated and primordial world which in reality no longer exists, if it ever did. Such an assumption is not at all lacking in actual conse- quences. Whether stated explicitly or not, it forms the ideological base of various movements such as Radical Environmentalism and Deep Ecology. These movements reject in concrete and even violent ways every and any intervention into nature. This rejection is bom of the firm conviction that even the smallest change in the orig inal state of nature cannot but produce irreparable damage. This, however, compromises the mobilization of tools which are indis pensable to plan and guide the inevitable transformation of the environment. The extreme consequences of such thinking would be the renunciation of even those actions directed toward the sav ing of the living elements of the environment. .u9d2d8bd608c4ed08dd6b1babd9f29b8d , .u9d2d8bd608c4ed08dd6b1babd9f29b8d .postImageUrl , .u9d2d8bd608c4ed08dd6b1babd9f29b8d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9d2d8bd608c4ed08dd6b1babd9f29b8d , .u9d2d8bd608c4ed08dd6b1babd9f29b8d:hover , .u9d2d8bd608c4ed08dd6b1babd9f29b8d:visited , .u9d2d8bd608c4ed08dd6b1babd9f29b8d:active { border:0!important; } .u9d2d8bd608c4ed08dd6b1babd9f29b8d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9d2d8bd608c4ed08dd6b1babd9f29b8d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9d2d8bd608c4ed08dd6b1babd9f29b8d:active , .u9d2d8bd608c4ed08dd6b1babd9f29b8d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9d2d8bd608c4ed08dd6b1babd9f29b8d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9d2d8bd608c4ed08dd6b1babd9f29b8d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9d2d8bd608c4ed08dd6b1babd9f29b8d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9d2d8bd608c4ed08dd6b1babd9f29b8d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9d2d8bd608c4ed08dd6b1babd9f29b8d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9d2d8bd608c4ed08dd6b1babd9f29b8d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9d2d8bd608c4ed08dd6b1babd9f29b8d .u9d2d8bd608c4ed08dd6b1babd9f29b8d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9d2d8bd608c4ed08dd6b1babd9f29b8d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Environmental Activism Essay2 Another relevant characteristic of the environment is that every problem within the field involves different scales of intervention. Let us consider, for example, a global problem such as the hole in the ozone. By now it can be stated with reasonable scientific certainty that the problem is caused by CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons), and that the solution would be the quick substitution of other chem ical products for CFCs. But the characteristics of CFCs have allowed their pervasive use. They are odorless, tasteless, nontoxic, and inert in the lower levels of the atmosphere. They have significant power of thermal insulation, and are highly effective for use in refrigera tion, as a propellant, and as a cleaning agent for microchips and other fine mechanical components. Therefore, it is not enough to forbid the use of CFCs to stop the thinning of the protective ozone layer. It is essential to rethink and redesign those products having to do with refrigeration and conservation, such as those used in the transportation of wholesale foods as well as the heating and cooling systems in buildings. More generally, it is indispensable to rethink our existing lifestyles. This example, however summary, clearly shows the abstract ness and, therefore, the inadequacy of those positions which aspire to deal with global environmental problems solely through the building of complex scenarios, through the establishing of interna tional standards, or through the making of laws and regulations. These are obviously useful and necessary, but the more important game is played out on a more concrete and complex level where design action has greater opportunities for intervention. At this level, the relationships between environmental design, industrial design, and other design disciplines are not at all forced or arbitrary but, rather, they find indisputable justification in the types of problems that must be confronted. 3 The environment is certainly a system characterized by high complexity as much in a mechanistic as a holistic sense. More explicitly, the environment is a highly complex system because: †¢ it is composed of many and different components; †¢ each component has diverse functions within the system; †¢the individual components and functions are both connected and, at times, contradictory; and, †¢ everything cannot be explained in terms of components, functional structures, and reciprocal relationships. Moreover, that the environment would be characterized as a complex system is not only a statement of fact but also a value judg ment. In many regards, complexity is a positive and even auspicious characteristic. This can be illustrated with a few examples. Biolog ical diversity, a relevant part of the complexity of the biosphere, is a concept important enough to be protected by law. Concerning the sociosphere, we have learned from Emile Durkheim that complexity is a feature of an advanced society. In his doctoral thesis in 1893, he differentiated between the forms of aggregation of a mechanic soci ety and an organic one.* The first form, characteristic of primitive societies, possesses a low level of complexity, as the process of socialization presupposes a drastic limitation of the individuals role in favor of cohesion to common, general principles. Emblematic of this are theocratic societies. On the contrary, the organic form of social aggregation typical of advanced societies, emp hasizes the free interaction of individuals and groups, and therefore allows for alarge increase in complexity. Useful for a better determination of the objective of environ mental design can also be the similarity between the characteristics of the environment and of Large Technical Systems (LTS). Large Technical Systems being the term used to designate, for example, systems of transportation, energy, and information. The concept, first introduced in the field of history of technology, has strongly influenced the more innovative trends of contemporary philosophy and sociology of technology. Significant contributions include those of Thomas P. Hughes of the University of Pennsylvania and Renate Mayntz of the Max-Plank-Institut in Koln. The extension of the concept of LTS from the historical analytical field to that of design seems particularly stimulating and promising. In fact, at the core of this theory is the thesis that techno logical innovations are not explainable in technocratic terms, but in systemic terms. Thomas P. Hughes states: Inventions such as the lightbulb, the radio, the airpl ane, and the gas-powered automobile are justified within the context of a technological system. Such systems, according to Hughes, are made up of much more than the so-called hardware, the equipment, machines, and networks of transportation, communication, and information individually connected. They also are made up of human beings and organizations. From our perspective, a conceptual and operational structure which consists of multiple factors (technical, scientific, organizational, and social, among others) and multiple scales (from technical products to networks) is very relevant. .uba5ac20f2703cc82a88e37f5ad31d9b7 , .uba5ac20f2703cc82a88e37f5ad31d9b7 .postImageUrl , .uba5ac20f2703cc82a88e37f5ad31d9b7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uba5ac20f2703cc82a88e37f5ad31d9b7 , .uba5ac20f2703cc82a88e37f5ad31d9b7:hover , .uba5ac20f2703cc82a88e37f5ad31d9b7:visited , .uba5ac20f2703cc82a88e37f5ad31d9b7:active { border:0!important; } .uba5ac20f2703cc82a88e37f5ad31d9b7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uba5ac20f2703cc82a88e37f5ad31d9b7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uba5ac20f2703cc82a88e37f5ad31d9b7:active , .uba5ac20f2703cc82a88e37f5ad31d9b7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uba5ac20f2703cc82a88e37f5ad31d9b7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uba5ac20f2703cc82a88e37f5ad31d9b7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uba5ac20f2703cc82a88e37f5ad31d9b7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uba5ac20f2703cc82a88e37f5ad31d9b7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uba5ac20f2703cc82a88e37f5ad31d9b7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uba5ac20f2703cc82a88e37f5ad31d9b7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uba5ac20f2703cc82a88e37f5ad31d9b7 .uba5ac20f2703cc82a88e37f5ad31d9b7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uba5ac20f2703cc82a88e37f5ad31d9b7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Environmental protection EssayIn the light of what has been said to this point, some ques- tions become more significant. 1. Is it possible through design to confront environmental problems and, ultimately, legitimate and sensible to talk about environmental design, meaning the designing of the environment? 2. If the response to the first question is yes, what role can environmental design and industrial design play in this context? 3. How will industrial design change if, in the design of prod- ucts environmental factors will have to be considered? 4. Does environmental design exist only as a more or less structured research sector, or rather as a real and legitimate discipline precisely located in the academic panorama, or does it also define a new profession? 5. If it is legitimate to recognize professional tasks for environ- mental design, what are its referents, and, finally but not less important, should new operational and design meth- ods be developed specifically for this new profession or should those already codified be reconsidered. In addition, the real meaning of the term design could be discussed at length, although this is not the point at which to develop such an important topic. We must be satisfied at this point with an extremely synthetic but workable definition in which the design process is seen as a two-way relationship between a reality to design (in our case the environment) and its model. The first phase of the process consists of the analysis, individuation, and delimiting of design problems. In this phase, one moves through a process of abstraction and formalization, from reality to a model which represents reality in a way coherent with the design objec tives, methods, and techniques. The second phase consists of plan ning and implementation of design interventions By working through simulations on the model and through directed actions built on specific, defined factors, this phase leads to a controlled modification of reality and to a solution to the problem. In both these phases, simplicity p lays a primary role. As every designer knows, the tools to formalize reality, the model, the simulation, and the interventions on reality must be as simple as possible. There exists an apparently unsolvable contradiction between the complexity of the environment regarded as system and the simplicity intrinsic to the design process. To confront this prob lem, the distinction between ontological and semiotic complexity introduced by Mario Bunge proves very interesting.4 Seen in these terms, a distinction lies between the complexity of the environment and the complexity of the models, the theories, and the method ological tools used in the design of the environment. The reduction of the ontological complexity is as much impossible as illegitimate, and the simplification of the semiotic complexity is, instead, not only sensible but also indispensable. Some disciplines already offer, if only partially, useful contri butions to this notion. For example, systems research has developed form al methods to simplify the so-called large-scale systems. Similar procedures can and must be initiated for the design of complex systems which cannot be completely formalized, such as the envi ronment. In fact, intrinsic to design action is the determination of the limits of individual design problems and the choosing of those aspects to analyze and design. Put in other words, the determina tion of priorities and hierarchies is a fundamental characteristic of the design process. In this sense, we can talk about the relative complexity of the environment, meaning by this that the real level of complexity depends on the individual environmental problem considered, on the objectives and on the design methods. Pertinent to this is the example adopted by Ross W. Ashby: The brain has a very high complexity for a neurophysiologist. The same brain can be described by a butcher, who has to distinguish it from about thirty other cuts of meat, with not more than five bits.